THE DYNAMICS OF INDONESIAN SOCIETAL TYPOLOGIES AND THE COMPLEXITY OF SOCIAL PROBLEMS: A STRATEGIC REVIEW OF THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING SERVICES
Abstract
Indonesia is a country with a highly heterogeneous social landscape, in which its population is stratified into various types based on stages of cultural development, geographical conditions, and levels of modernization. Indonesian societal typologies can generally be classified into traditional, transitional, and modern communities, and are further differentiated within rural and urban contexts. This socio-cultural diversity constitutes a form of national wealth that functions as social capital; however, at the same time, it also serves as a source of social complexity. Various social problems such as structural inequality, social disorganization, horizontal conflict, moral degradation, and identity crises have become increasingly pronounced in tandem with the acceleration of social change driven by globalization and digitalization. This article aims to critically examine the dynamics of Indonesian societal typologies, to map the spectrum of accompanying social pathologies, and to formulate strategic implications for the development of Guidance and Counseling (GC) services. The study employs a descriptive-analytical approach based on a literature review and conceptual analysis. The article argues that Guidance and Counseling services in Indonesia must transform from a clinical-individualistic paradigm toward a more ecological systemic approach that is contextual, inclusive, and community-based. This approach requires the integration of dimensions of individuality, sociality, morality, and religiosity as the foundation of psychosocial intervention. The proposed strategies include strengthening community based counseling, promoting cross-sectoral collaboration, and utilizing digital technologies to expand outreach to broader segments of society. Through this transformation, Guidance and Counseling services are expected to function as agents of social change that contribute to the sustainable realization of psychosocial well-being in Indonesian society.
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